THE DESIGN PROCESS, DECISION MAKING AND NEW PRODUCT DESIGN 2 (continue..)

1.2.5 EVALUATING ALTERNATIVES

What is it?

The purpose of evaluating alternatives is to help the Planning Committee make sound decisions about which design strategies they will advocate in the design plan. Alternatives are evaluated to determine their effectiveness in addressing the concerns, taking advantage of  opportunities, and meeting objectives in the planning area.

When do we do it?

It is the fifth step in the basic steps of design process.

How do we do it?

TYPES OF CLOUD

The highest clouds in the atmosphere are cirrocumulus, cirrus, and cirrostratus.  Cumulonimbus mists can likewise develop to be high.

Mid-level mists incorporate altocumulus and altostratus.

The most minimal mists in the environment are stratus, cumulus, and stratocumulus.

1. low level clouds are (cumulus, stratus, stratocumulus) that lie below 6,500 feet;
2. middle clouds  are(altocumulus, nimbostratus, altostratus) that form between 6,500 and 20,000 feet;
3. high level clouds  are(cirrus, cirrocumulus, cirrostratus) that form above 20,000 feet;and cumulonimbus which towers across the low, middle, and upper atmosphere.

Detail information of individual types of cloud can be found below : Click Here

AIR SPEED MEASUREMENT

Airspeed:

Air speed is the speed of aircraft relative to air. The measurement of air speed is done by Air Speed Indicator (ASI) which infact is connected to pitot static system. The two pressures (Pitot pressure and static pressure) are compared by ASI to give airspeed.

THE DESIGN PROCESS, DECISION MAKING AND NEW PRODUCT DESIGN 3(continue..)

2.2 Economics of material

      The consideration of cost plays such an important role in the design decision process that we could easily spend as much time in studying the cost factor as in the study of the entire subject of design. Materials  and labor usually show an increasing cost from year to year. But the costs of processing the materials can be expected to exhibit a decreasing trend because of the use of automated machine tools and robots. The cost of manufacturing a single product will vary from city to city and from one plant to another because of overhead, labor, taxes and freight differentials and the inevitable slight manufacturing variation.

THE DESIGN PROCESS, DECISION MAKING AND NEW PRODUCT DESIGN

Design Process (Introduction)

Engineering Design has been defined as the process of applying various techniques and scientific principles for the purpose of defining a device, a process or a system in sufficient detail to permit its realization. 
The engineering design process is a multi-step process including the research, conceptualization, feasibility assessment, establishing design requirements, preliminary design, detailed design, production planning and tool design, and finally production.” Essence of Engineering is design”.esign process includes following parts:

1.     Identification of need

2.     Background Research

3.     Goal Statement

4.     Performance Specifications

5.     Ideation and Invention

6.     Analysis and Selection

7.     Detail Design

8.     Prototyping and testing

9.     Production

KALIGANDAKI HYDROPOWER

INTRODUCTION

Kaligandaki hydropower project is the largest hydropower plant in Nepal with its installed capacity of 144 mw. It is located in syanja district of Nepal which is about 300 km west from the capital Kathmandu. In this power plant flow rate of water is seen to be much higher in comparison with the net head hence the turbine appropriate was reaction type and used turbine was Francis turbine. Dam was constructed near the junction of two big rivers aadhi khola and Kaligandaki River.